Care Enacted by Two Elementary Physical Education Teachers and Their Students
Paul T. Stuhr , Sue Sutherland , Phillip Ward
5(1) 5-28, 2011
Title
Care Enacted by Two Elementary Physical Education Teachers and Their Students
Paul T. Stuhr , Sue Sutherland , Phillip Ward
DOI:
Abstract
Positive, supportive teacher-student relationships can produce behaviors (e.g., helping tendencies, generosity, and interpersonal understanding) that represent an ethic of care (Noddings, 1992). Teachers who are able to build close caring relationships with students are likely to have students with higher student engagement and achievement (Pianta, Stuhlman, & Hamre, 2002). Using a phenomenological design we examined the lived-experience of care produced and enacted by two physical education teachers and their 5th grade students. Findings indicated that the physical education teachers did find fostering caring and supportive relationships with students as having an impact on achieving learning objectives within class. Specifically, four themes from the data supported the care framework (Noddings, 1984) used in this study: (a) establishing a care relationship is primary, (b) using intentional dialogue, (c) valuing the caring-learning association, and (d) understanding the importance of reciprocity. Findings from this study challenge readers to conceptualize care situated within their own physical education context.
Key Words
Care, elementary, physical education
Construction of Evaluation Model in Physical Strength Progress in South Korea United States Naval Academy
Katsunori Fujii , Kwang Soo Koo , Ye Ju Hong , Seung Wan Wie , Jun Dong Kim
5(1) 29-48, 2011
Title
Construction of Evaluation Model in Physical Strength Progress in South Korea United States Naval Academy
Katsunori Fujii , Kwang Soo Koo , Ye Ju Hong , Seung Wan Wie , Jun Dong Kim
DOI:
Abstract
There are almost no reports on the process of physical strength progress in Republic of Naval Academy in South Korea. In the present study, we investigated the shape of changes that occur, described a standard age curve for the four years, and attempted to build a model for evaluating improvements in physical strength by applying wavelet interpolation method (WIM). The subjects were 467 male students of the Korea Naval Academy in a suburb of Busan, South Korea. The 467 subjects included 134 first-year students, 116 second-year students, 113 third-year students, and 104 fourth-year students. In other words, the 467 subjects were used as cross-sectional data. The motor performance measurement included sidesteps, sit and reach, sargent jump, grip strength, push up, sit up, and maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙O2max). The wavelet interpolation method was then applied to mean values for each physical strength item from the first to fourth years for items in which a significant difference was seen with ANOVA. After analyzing the pattern of physical strength improvements, standard values of mean ± 0.5 SD and mean ± 1.5 SD were determined with the mean and standard deviation in each year as the criterion, and the wavelet interpolation method was applied to those standard values. As shown in the growth distance curve depicted with wavelet interpolation, there were rapid increases in sidesteps, sargent jump, grip strength, and sit up until the third year. In the fourth year slight stagnation or a decreasing trend was seen. Push-ups increased rapidly until the second year and a slight increasing trend was seen even through the fourth year. In V ˙O2max, a larger decreasing trend was seen from the third to the fourth year. And models of those rising trends were constructed with the wavelet interpolation method. An evaluation chart was constructed from those constructed models. The evaluation model chart derived in this study can be used to evaluate trends in physical strength with each school year in individuals. If one plots one`s own physical strength records on this evaluation model chart, physical strength trends can be evaluated. If this evaluation system were introduced in the Naval Academy, it may contribute greatly to the educational system of the Academy.
Key Words
Standard height-weight curve, Physical fitness, Fatty-slim judgment, Regression polynomial, least square approximation
Regulation Effect of Mood Induced by Sports Programs on Advertising Evaluation
Ho Won Jeong
5(1) 49-67, 2011
Title
Regulation Effect of Mood Induced by Sports Programs on Advertising Evaluation
Ho Won Jeong
DOI:
Abstract
This study examined the impact of moods induced by sports programming on responses to different advertising appeals. Participants were exposed to one of two advertisings (either emotional or information) with one of two basketball games (win or loss) and asked to evaluate the advertising. The result revealed that participants in unpleasant moods had a more favorable attitude toward emotional advertising than those in pleasant moods, whereas there was no difference in attitude toward informational advertising between participants in unpleasant moods and participants in pleasant moods (at the marginal level: p= .083). This finding suggested that people in unpleasant moods can be persuaded by emotional advertising because of a motivation for alleviating their unpleasant moods. Moreover, it has also been found that unpleasant moods can be associated with greater cognitive processing activities. For participants in unpleasant moods, thoughts about advertising were used as the basis for evaluation of the overall attitude toward advertising.
Key Words
Sports program, advertising, moods, information processing, regulation effect
Gender, School Year, BMI, Perceived Weight, and Body Image in Korean Adolescent
Min Jeong Lyu
5(1) 69-86, 2011
Title
Gender, School Year, BMI, Perceived Weight, and Body Image in Korean Adolescent
Min Jeong Lyu
DOI:
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate students` perceptions of body image, focusing on gender, school year, BMI, and perceived weight differences in Korean adolescents. In addition, the effects of Individual characteristics (gender, school year, BMI, and perceived weight) on body image were examined. Methods: Participants were 848 students (472 males and 376 females) in middle schools. The multidimensional Body-Self Relation Questionnaire (MBSRQ) was used to investigate students` body image (appearance evaluation, appearance orientation, and weight preoccupation). Also, BMI and perceived weight were calculated. Chi-square analysis, MANOVA with the Duncan test, and multiple regression analysis were used. Results and Conclusions: Results indicated that students` body image differed according to individual characteristics, but these differences must be viewed in light of interaction effects. Also, individual characteristics also contributed significantly to the prediction of body image.
A Study on Min Gwan-sik`s Leadership with the Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Sun Young Lee , Kyoung Hyun Lee
5(1) 87-103, 2011
Title
A Study on Min Gwan-sik`s Leadership with the Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Sun Young Lee , Kyoung Hyun Lee
DOI:
Abstract
This study explores throughout the developmental process of intellectual ability of a prominent Korean politician, Dr. Min, Gwan-sik who made significant influences on the modernized Korean sports. To do so, the theory of multiple intelligences logical framework is employed. His intellectual development seems to be improved especially in the sport field and his intellectual capacity was particularly materialized in leading the project of sport development. In Gardner`s perspective, Dr. Min is leadership type and his development seemed to be distinguished process. He was an athlete when he was a student but he became a politician later. To analyze his intellectual developmental process, his life events were collected in records and critical life events were selected in order to corroborate his ability. In this process, his critical life events converted to a line chart to show his intellectual developmental process and were divided into 5 phases for the analysis. The result of analysis indicated his 5 intelligences; bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and linguistic intelligences. Crystallizing experiences in his childhood was connected to the sport field and developed throughout his entire life.
Key Words
Theory of the Multiple Intelligences, Min Gwan-sik, Modernized Korean Sports, Leadership, Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligences, Extraordinary people, Developmental process
Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity by the Older Adults Retired from College/University
Kyung Hoon Lee
5(1) 105-122, 2011
Title
Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity by the Older Adults Retired from College/University
Kyung Hoon Lee
DOI:
Abstract
The contemporary society is growing older. The number of people over 60 is greater than those under 25. Not only has the number of older adults risen, but also adults are living longer. Reasons for not participating constitute barriers to their physical activity participation. Given the numerous benefits to physical activity, it is very important to investigate and eliminate the barriers which prevent older adults from participating in physical activity. For this study, anything that reinforces a decision not to participate in a physical activity is considered a barrier. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived barriers to physical activity by older adults. It was also the intent of this study to review the specific types of barriers and the interaction of barriers with physical activity level. This study contributed to current research by focusing on the barriers of participation in physical activity for the older adults, Finding these barriers may increase the participation rate of more older adults.
Multiple Comparisons of the Physical Fitness Levels among Youth with Intellectual Disability, Visual Impairment, and Hearing Impairment
Bom Jin Lee
5(1) 123-139, 2011
Title
Multiple Comparisons of the Physical Fitness Levels among Youth with Intellectual Disability, Visual Impairment, and Hearing Impairment
Bom Jin Lee
DOI:
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the physical fitness levels of youth with ID, VI, and HI. A total of 132 children and adolescents with ID, VI, and HI were recruited from five local special schools and participated in this study. To evaluate aerobic capacity, body composition, muscular strength, and flexibility of participants, the field test items such as 1-mile run/walk, BMI, grip strength, and back-saver sit & reach were selected and administered. A series of descriptive statistics and One-Way ANOVA was used for the data analyzes. Results showed that youth with ID and VI had lower levels of aerobic capacity than those of their peers with HI, regardless of gender. For muscular strength, it was found that youth with ID was inferior to their peers with VI and HI, regardless of gender. Results also revealed that youth with ID had lower levels of flexibility than their peers with VI and HI. The rationales of such the results and potential problems in research methods are further discussed.
Sport Organization Social Advocates: Roles of Professional Athlete CSR Reputation and Team Identification
Mar Magnusen , Sung Il Hong , Yu Kyoum Kim
5(1) 141-168, 2011
Title
Sport Organization Social Advocates: Roles of Professional Athlete CSR Reputation and Team Identification
Mar Magnusen , Sung Il Hong , Yu Kyoum Kim
DOI:
Abstract
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly more important to sport practitioners and researchers alike; however, there are several areas that have received minimal scholarly attention. One area in particular is the impact of sport personnel who are actively engaged in CSR activities on sport consumer attitudes and behaviors toward these employees` respective sport organizations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the CSR reputation of professional athletes and the team identification levels of sport consumers on the outcome of social advocacy intentions. Participants were 236 National Basketball Association (NBA) sport spectators. The path coefficient for the relationship between professional athlete CSR reputation and sport consumer social advocacy intentions was positively significant (γ=.72, p<.001), indicating support for the first hypothesis. The significance of the Chi-square difference test (Δ χ2=7.63, Δ df =1) indicated the effect of CSR reputation on social advocacy intentions was significantly different across two groups (low ID versus high ID). This finding demonstrates support for the second hypothesis, which held team identification will moderate the relationship between professional athlete CSR reputation and sport consumer social advocacy intentions. Specifically, the result was significantly greater for the lowly identified group than for the highly identified group (Δ γ = .14).
Key Words
Advocacy, sport fans, sport employees, personnel, social responsibility, sport teams
Isadora Duncan`s Modern Dance and Its Implications for Existentialism
In Sil Park , Young Hwan Kim , Mee Jung Yoon
5(1) 169-180, 2011
Title
Isadora Duncan`s Modern Dance and Its Implications for Existentialism
In Sil Park , Young Hwan Kim , Mee Jung Yoon
DOI:
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine Isadora Duncan`s modern dance and its implications for existentialism. Duncan is considered to be one of the founders of modern dance. She revolted against classical ballet by escaping from conventional pattern and structures of the accepted ballet movements. Rather than imitating her movements, she instructed her students to develop their own unique movements. Duncan encouraged freedom, expression and creativity in dance movements. Such idea and thought were influenced by existentialism. Her life characterized by parent`s divorce, financial strains during her childhood and death of her children from auto accident may have led her to existentialistic influences. Existentialism is characterized by human predicament such as anguish, estrangement, conflict, loneliness and meaninglessness. In addition, the philosophy of existentialism of her times influenced many fields of discipline such as literature, music, fine art and dance. Duncan`s ontology, study of mind and body, is congruent with existentialism. As for Duncan, the physical beauty of body is not of the foremost importance. Instead, true beauty is defined by self rather than by other people. As a result, Duncan danced on her barefoot and did not utilize fancy costumes. She appeals to the inner feeling of the performer. In conclusion, Duncan`s dance contrasts with the classic ballet which emphasizes system, traditional view of beauty and discipline. She aspired for freedom, creativity and expression in her dance. Her worked is influenced by her personality, life background as well as existentialism that attained popularity in Europe among her contemporaries. Duncan`s modern dance appears to be in harmony with the existentialistic philosophy`s thoughts and ideas.
Key Words
Isadora Duncan, Modern Dance, Existentialism
Components of Exercise Attitude and Perceived Behavior Control in Korean Collegiate Students Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior
Moo Song Kim , Chang Hoon Seong
5(1) 181-195, 2011
Title
Components of Exercise Attitude and Perceived Behavior Control in Korean Collegiate Students Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior
Moo Song Kim , Chang Hoon Seong
DOI:
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify structures of exercise attitude and perceived behavior control (PBC) in the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and to verify whether items based on exercise behavioral and control beliefs can account for exercise intention and behavior with the causality. Data was collected from 497 college students who were attending colleges in capital areas. According to the content analysis, exercise advantages in behavioral beliefs were improvement in physical and mental health, appearance, refreshment and regular life, by contrast, exercise disadvantages were physical discomfort, time consuming and expensive, displeasure, and tired. In addition, exercise facilitating factors in control beliefs were partners, access, facility physical environment and participation pressure for exercise. On the other hand, exercise obstructing factors were weather, lack of time and motivation, bad facility physical environment and dietary control. Lastly, according to the structural equation modeling, goodness-of-fit-index indicated gratifying results all in all, and 37% of exercise intention was explained by exercise attitude, subjective norm and PBC, also exercise behavior was predicted of 27% by exercise intention and PBC. These results were discussed in comparison with previous findings of the western cultures.
Key Words
The theory of planned behavior, exercise behavioral belief, control belief, indirect measure
Examining Limb Differences between the Dominant and Non-dominant Limb through Path Linearity of the Hand`s Trajectory in Reaching Movements
Won Dae Kim
5(1) 197-210, 2011
Title
Examining Limb Differences between the Dominant and Non-dominant Limb through Path Linearity of the Hand`s Trajectory in Reaching Movements
Won Dae Kim
DOI:
Abstract
In order to identify limb difference in reaching movements, the present study investigated interlimb kinematic differences at nine positions in left- and right-hemispace among 16 strongly lateralized right-handers. Angular deviations at the time of peak acceleration (PAD), peak velocity (PVD), and peak deceleration (PDD) during reaching actions were employed to examine kinematic differences between limbs in terms of planning and feedback processes. PADs and PVDs were found significantly smaller with the right-arm for more lateral object positions in right hemispace such as 40° and 30°. However, interestingly, for bilaterally symmetric positions in left hemispace such as -40° and -30° the left-arm showed smaller angular deviations than the right-arm. These results are in contradiction to both traditional and contemporary views in terms of the dominant right-arm`s superiority of execution and specialization for planning. With regard to the PDD data, the dominant right-arm showed smaller PDDs than the non-dominant left-arm across object positions, reflecting more accurate final positioning with the right-arm. The current results seem to point to inconsistencies with advantages of the non-dominant hemisphere limb system in the contemporary view, indicating more accurate final positioning with the left-arm as a result of advantages of sensory feedback processing. Rather, these results support the traditional view, indicating the superiority of the dominant right-arm and the inferiority of the non-dominant left-arm in all aspects of limb execution. Considered together, the findings from the present study are hardly enough to explain the distinct functional specialization of each hemisphere limb system. Thus, the present data suggests that the limb difference in kinematics of reaching movements is driven by movement efficiency, not just by hemispheric difference of the brain.
Key Words
Handedness, Reaching, Kinematics
The 1870 and 1890 Ghost Dance Movement of American Indian
In Sook Kang
5(1) 211-222, 2011
Title
The 1870 and 1890 Ghost Dance Movement of American Indian
In Sook Kang
DOI:
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to describe the Ghost Dance and how it spread to Native American tribes. This paper discusses the history of the Native American and how they were pushed farther and farther westward and limited to a very small area. While the white Americans moved westwards towards the Mississippi river after the Civil war they clashed with the Native American Indians. The White Americans sought to take advantage of the Homestead Act of 1862 which gave them free land. The Indians occupying the west were the original dwellers having stayed there for hundreds of generations until they driven there by the whites. The federal government altered it agreements and policies for the benefit of the white Americans that also led them to displace the Indians. Many of the Indian wars have their origin with government`s broken promises such as the Pyramid battle and the Wounded Knee massacre. The Ghost Dance is a ceremonial religious dance connected with the messiah doctrine, which originated among the Paviotso in Nevada, and spread rapidly among other tribes until it numbered among its adherents nearly all the Indians of the interior basin, from Missouri river to or beyond the Rockies. Also, the Ghost Dance is a spiritual movement that came around 1870s when conditions were bad on Indian reservations and they needed something to give them hope. This movement found its origin in a Paiute Indian named Wovoka, who announced that he was the messiah come to earth to prepare the Indians for their salvation. This paper describes how the United States army and government treat the Ghost Dance led to the Wounded Knee massacre and the events of massacre. In addition, the political issues about the massacre and the Ghost Dance religion describes in this paper regarding to the 1870 and 1890 Ghost Dance movements.